三殿宋帝王
阎罗又作阎王,阎罗王,焰摩罗王,琰摩王,是梵文“缚”字的译音,意喻缚有罪之人。本为印度神话管理阴间之王,缚有罪之人。在华裔圈子的信仰中,阎王的影响非常广,传说阎王乃是阴间的国王,所有人死后到必须到阴间报到并接受审判,生前行善者可升天堂享受荣华富贵,生前作恶者会判下地狱为自己的恶接受惩罚。因此印度的佛教中,在中佛教在传入中国后经过多年演变,在晚唐五代的时候,发展出了十殿阎罗的说法,认为地狱由十名阎王主管。晚唐时期的《阎王经》和宋代的《玉历宝钞》等著作中,都有提及十殿阎罗,而他们的职责,则是分司审判与执行在阳世曾犯罪之亡魂。
他们分掌十八地狱,分别是:
- 第一殿秦广王(圣诞日为农历二月初一)
- 第二殿楚江王(圣诞日为农历三月初一)
- 第三殿宋帝王(圣诞日为农历二月初八)
- 第四殿五官王(圣诞日为农历二月十八)
- 第五殿阎罗王(圣诞日为农历正月初八)
- 第六殿卞城王(圣诞日为农历三月初八)
- 第七殿泰山王(圣诞日为农历三月廿七)
- 第八殿都市王(圣诞日为农历四月初一)
- 第九殿平等王(圣诞日为农历四月初八)
- 第十殿转轮王(圣诞日为农历四月十七)
这次要谈的,是掌管落蒸地狱的第三殿宋帝王,那么宋帝王究竟是谁?在民间的说法有好几种:
第一种说法认为宋帝王乃是唐朝的洪州刺史余良。余良,字宁仲,约生于唐宣宗大中八年(西元854年),卒于五代后周广顺二年(西元952年),享年九十八岁,在古代算是相当长寿。余良在担任洪州刺史期间,审理、平反的冤案解救了数千人的性命,俗话说「救人一命胜造七级浮屠」,可见余良的功德无可限量,到了后世也因此被大众神化。
第二种说法则认为宋帝王是南朝时的刘宋开国皇帝刘裕。但这又和历史上对于刘裕的说法不符合,因为刘裕是不信鬼神的。为何会死后反倒当了掌管冥界地狱的神呢?尤其刘裕登基后,下令拆毁民间庙宇,只有先贤以及有勛德之人的庙祠才得豁免。刘裕过世前患了重病,朝臣皆上书希望刘裕能向神明祈求龙体健康,但他仍旧听不进去,只派下属去拜了自家祖先。那么这个说法从何而来?
根据《玉历宝钞》的记载,宋帝王性情仁孝、嫉恶如仇,对散播邪知邪见者,胆大妄为者,忘恩负义污衊于人者,或嗜杀成性残酷狠毒者,或为恶人狡辩脱罪者等深恶痛绝。许多人认为宋帝王的个性、脾气和刘裕如出一辙,因此才有了宋帝王生前为刘裕的说法。
另一个民间的传说则是宋帝王本名为余懃(亦作余劝)。相传其前世为唐朝工部尚书,江西余干人,天资聪颖、勤学不懈。唐中宗神龙元年(705年)高中进士,官至上柱国。为官期间清廉正直、体恤民情,为百姓办下不少实事,因功德深厚,死后受玉皇大帝敕封为地府第三殿之主——宋帝王。宋帝王生性仁孝,嫉恶如仇,亡魂三七日必经本殿受审。宋帝王镇守阴司东南沃焦之地,掌管”黑绳大地狱“,又称”落蒸地狱“,殿前门槛悬有对聊:"人恶人怕天下怕,人善人欺天下欺。",以示其扶善惩恶之意。
在”玉历纱传“中记载:谓凡是在人间忤逆尊长、教唆与讼之恶人等,将在此殿审理。故凡在阳世制造是非的长古归,犯了卖国、逃军、盗墓、不贞、伪造文书、窜改帐目等罪人,均由第三殿阎王判决,将深谋暗害好人者,使其受剖肚抽肠之刑:引诱良家妇女为娼者,判竹牢之刑:倚官欺民者下寒冰池受刑:挑拨是非者受蒸笼之刑。
那么,第三殿究竟是专门惩罚哪几类人呢:
- 不认为领袖、主官的恩德最大,人的生命最重要;当官,有地位之时,对主官不忠诚,存心背叛,不顾恤人的生命。
- 执行公务的人见了利益,就忘了道义,缺乏爱国、爱民之心。
- 身为丈夫的人,不行道义;身为妻子的,言行不柔顺。
- 身为养子,受长期养育的恩惠;等得到财产,立即忘恩负义,回去生父母身边的人。
- 佣人,或受人之讬办事,却辜负、背叛。
- 职员或基层士官兵,背叛主管或长官。
- 为业主办事,却伙同同事诈财。
- 犯罪入狱,却越狱潜逃。或者因罪押解他方,中途逃走;因为押运的官兵曾经具名连保,以致连累了这些官差的亲属。
- 造坟挖土时,看见地下埋有别人的棺椁或尸骨,却不马上停止,以致伤损他人的尸骨。
- 为了讲究风水的年运,以致阻止丧家出殡,埋葬,令亡者不得入土为安。
- 为人管事,私自偷窃,漏列金钱、粮食,占人便宜。
- 祖先的墓地不去祭扫,久而遗失蹤迹。
- 引诱他人犯法,挑拨是非,制造纠纷,欺骗人打官司,伤人和气。
- 写匿名信诬衊别人。
- 乱写公告、文章,毁损别人的名誉。
- 捏造退婚的字据,以帮人解除婚约。
- 伪造契约、来往书信,以诈取别人的钱、债券。
另外,落蒸地狱还设有小地狱十六处:有捣舂地狱、挖眼地狱、倒吊地狱、吸血地狱、蛆蛀地狱及穿肋地狱等,无不残忍严酷。这一切无非是罪犯恶业所造、冤怨所成,残酷悽惨,无与伦比。堕入者哀号不断,直至消业为止,若罪人在此服刑完毕,就会转解第四殿。
因此在民间信仰中,宋帝王象征著”信义与伦理“的审判者,提醒世人守信重德、孝顺尊长,不可违背道德伦常。
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